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Sex differences in neural correlates of common psychopathological symptoms in early adolescence
- Francesca Biondo, Charlotte Nymberg Thunell, Bing Xu, Congying Chu, Tianye Jia, Alex Ing, Erin Burke Quinlan, Nicole Tay, Tobias Banaschewski, Arun L. W. Bokde, Christian Büchel, Sylvane Desrivières, Herta Flor, Vincent Frouin, Hugh Garavan, Penny Gowland, Andreas Heinz, Bernd Ittermann, Jean-Luc Martinot, Hervé Lemaitre, Frauke Nees, Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos, Luise Poustka, Sabina Millenet, Juliane H. Fröhner, Michael N. Smolka, Henrik Walter, Robert Whelan, Edward D. Barker, Gunter Schumann, IMAGEN Consortium
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 52 / Issue 14 / October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2021, pp. 3086-3096
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Background
Sex-related differences in psychopathology are known phenomena, with externalizing and internalizing symptoms typically more common in boys and girls, respectively. However, the neural correlates of these sex-by-psychopathology interactions are underinvestigated, particularly in adolescence.
MethodsParticipants were 14 years of age and part of the IMAGEN study, a large (N = 1526) community-based sample. To test for sex-by-psychopathology interactions in structural grey matter volume (GMV), we used whole-brain, voxel-wise neuroimaging analyses based on robust non-parametric methods. Psychopathological symptom data were derived from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).
ResultsWe found a sex-by-hyperactivity/inattention interaction in four brain clusters: right temporoparietal-opercular region (p < 0.01, Cohen's d = −0.24), bilateral anterior and mid-cingulum (p < 0.05, Cohen's d = −0.18), right cerebellum and fusiform (p < 0.05, Cohen's d = −0.20) and left frontal superior and middle gyri (p < 0.05, Cohen's d = −0.26). Higher symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention were associated with lower GMV in all four brain clusters in boys, and with higher GMV in the temporoparietal-opercular and cerebellar-fusiform clusters in girls.
ConclusionsUsing a large, sex-balanced and community-based sample, our study lends support to the idea that externalizing symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention may be associated with different neural structures in male and female adolescents. The brain regions we report have been associated with a myriad of important cognitive functions, in particular, attention, cognitive and motor control, and timing, that are potentially relevant to understand the behavioural manifestations of hyperactive and inattentive symptoms. This study highlights the importance of considering sex in our efforts to uncover mechanisms underlying psychopathology during adolescence.
Review: the cellular mechanisms underlying mammary tissue plasticity during lactation in ruminants
- M. Boutinaud, L. Herve, H. Quesnel, V. Lollivier, L. Finot, F. Dessauge, E. Chanat, P. Lacasse, C. Charton, J. Guinard-Flament
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The mammary tissue is characterized by its capacity to adapt in response to a wide variety of changing conditions. This adaptation capacity is referred to as the plasticity of mammary tissue. In dairy ruminants, lactation is challenged by modifications that can either be induced on purpose, such as by modifying management practices, or occur involuntarily, when adverse environmental constraints arise. These modifications can elicit both immediate changes in milk yield and composition and carryover effects that persist after the end of the challenge. This review focuses on the current knowledge concerning the cellular mechanisms underlying mammary tissue plasticity. The main mechanisms contributing to this phenomenon are changes in the activity and number of mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Changes in the number of these cells result from variations in the rates of cell proliferation and death as well as changes in the rate MEC exfoliation. The number of MECs also depends on the number of resident adult mammary stem cells and their progenitors, which can regenerate the pools of the various mammary cells. Several challenges, including changes in milking frequency, changes in level of feed supply and hormonal manipulations, have been shown to modulate milk yield together with changes in mammary cell activity, turnover and exfoliation. Epigenetic changes may be an additional mechanism of adaptation. Indeed, changes in DNA methylation and reductions in milk yield have been observed during once-daily milking and during mastitis in dairy cows and may affect cell activity persistently. In contrast to what has been assumed for a long time, no carryover effect on milk yield were observed after feed supply challenges in dairy cows and modification of milking frequency in dairy goats, even though the number of mammary cells was affected. In addition, mammary tissue plasticity has been shown to be influenced by the stage of lactation, health status and genetic factors. In conclusion, the cellular mechanisms underlying mammary tissue plasticity are diverse, and the mammary tissue either does or does not show elastic properties (with no permanent deformation), in response to environmental changes.
Fundamental properties of single O stars in the MiMeS survey
- F. Martins, A. Hervé, J.-C. Bouret, W. L. F. Marcolino, G. A. Wade, C. Neiner, E. Alecian, the MiMeS collaboration
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 9 / Issue S307 / June 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 January 2015, pp. 385-386
- Print publication:
- June 2014
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We present preliminary results of the determination of fundamental parameters of single O-type stars in the MiMeS survey. We present the sample and we focus on surface CNO abundances, showing how they change as stars evolve off the zero-age main sequence.
Contributors
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- By Mark S. Aloia, Ellemarije Altena, Peter Anderer, Christopher L. Asplund, Nitin Bangera, Jeroen S. Benjamins, Daniela Berg, Bohdan Bybel, Vincenza Castronovo, Suk-tak Chan, Michael W. L. Chee, Pietro Cortelli, Michael Czisch, Joseph T. Daley, Thien Thanh Dang-Vu, Yazmín de la Garza-Neme, Lourdes DelRosso, Derk-Jan Dijk, Maria Engström, Thorleif Etgen, Bruce J. Fisch, Ariane Foret, Patrice Fort, Steffen Gais, Anne Germain, Jana Godau, Andrew L. Goertzen, William A. Gomes, Ronald M. Harper, Seung Bong Hong, Romy Hoque, Scott A. Huettel, Yuichi Inoue, Alex Iranzo, Mathieu Jaspar, Zayd Jedidi, Alejandro Jiménez-Genchi, Eun Yeon Joo, Gerhard Klösch, Karsten Krakow, Rajesh Kumar, Caroline Kussé, Hans-Peter Landolt, Helmut Laufs, Jeffrey David Lewine, Camilo Libedinsky, Michael L. Lipton, Mordechai Lorberboym, Cheng Luo, Pierre-Hervé Luppi, Paul M. Macey, Pierre Maquet, Laura Mascetti, Christelle Meyer, Sarah Moens, Vincenzo Muto, Shadreck Mzengeza, Eric Nofzinger, Takashi Nomura, Daniela Perani, Jennifer R. Ramautar, Bernd Saletu, Michael T. Saletu, Gerda Saletu-Zyhlarz, Christina Schmidt, Monika Schönauer, Richard J. Schwab, Sophie Schwartz, Keivan Shifteh, Sanjib Sinha, Victor I. Spoormaker, Ryan P. J. Stocker, A. Jon Stoessl, Diederick Stoffers, A. B. Taly, Robert Joseph Thomas, Michael J. Thorpy, Emily Urry, Jason Valerio, Ysbrand D. Van Der Werf, Gilles Vandewalle, Hans P. A. Van Dongen, Eus J. W. Van Someren, Vinod Venkatraman, Frederic von Wegner, Thomas C. Wetter, Dezhong Yao
- Edited by Eric Nofzinger, University of Pittsburgh, Pierre Maquet, Université de Liège, Belgium, Michael J. Thorpy
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- Neuroimaging of Sleep and Sleep Disorders
- Published online:
- 05 March 2013
- Print publication:
- 07 March 2013, pp viii-xii
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- By Yasir Abu-Omar, Matthew E. Atkins, Joseph E. Arrowsmith, Alan Ashworth, Rubia Baldassarri, Craig R. Bailey, David J. Barron, Christiana C. Burt, David Cardone, Coralie Carle, Jose Coddens, Alan M. Cohen, Simon Colah, Sarah Conolly, David J. Daly, Helen M. Daly, Stefan G. De Hert, Ravi J. De Silva, Mark Dougherty, John J. Dunning, Maros Elsik, Betsy Evans, Florian Falter, Nigel Farnum, Jens Fassl, Juliet E. Foweraker, Simon P. Fynn, Andrew I. Gardner, Margaret I. Gillham, Martin J. Goddard, Maximilien J. Gourdin, Jon Graham, Stephen J. Gray, Cameron Graydon, Fabio Guarracino, Roger M. O. Hall, Michael Haney, Charles W. Hogue, Ben W. Howes, Bevan Hughes, Siân I. Jaggar, David P. Jenkins, Jörn Karhausen, Todd Kiefer, Khalid Khan, Andrew A. Klein, John D. Kneeshaw, Andrew C. Knowles, Catherine V. Koffel, R. Clive Landis, Trevor W. R. Lee, Clive J. Lewis, Jonathan H. Mackay, Amod Manocha, Jonathan B. Mark, Sarah Marstin, William T. McBride, Kenneth H. McKinlay, Alan F. Merry, Berend Mets, Britta Millhoff, Kevin P. Morris, Samer A. M. Nashef, Andrew Neitzel, Stephane Noble, Rabi Panigrahi, Barbora Parizkova, J. M. Tom Pierce, Mihai V. Podgoreanu, Hans-Joachim Priebe, Paul Quinton, C. Ramaswamy Rajamohan, Doris M. Rassl, Tom Rawlings, Fiona E. Reynolds, Andrew J. Richardson, David Riddington, Andrew Roscoe, Paul H. M. Sadleir, Ving Yuen See Tho, Herve Schlotterbeck, Maura Screaton, Shitalkumar Shah, Harjot Singh, Jon H. Smith, M. L. Srikanth, Yeewei W. Teo, Kamen P. Valchanov, Jean-Pierre van Besouw, Isabeau A. Walker, Stephen T. Webb, Francis C. Wells, John Whitbread, Charles Willmott, Patrick Wouters
- Edited by Jonathan H. Mackay, Joseph E. Arrowsmith
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- Book:
- Core Topics in Cardiac Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 05 April 2012
- Print publication:
- 15 March 2012, pp x-xiii
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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The improvement of care for paediatric and congenital cardiac disease across the World: a challenge for the World Society for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery
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- Christo I. Tchervenkov, Jeffrey Phillip Jacobs, Pierre-Luc Bernier, Giovanni Stellin, Hiromi Kurosawa, Constantine Mavroudis, Richard A. Jonas, Sertac M. Cicek, Zohair Al-Halees, Martin J. Elliott, Marcelo B. Jatene, Robin H. Kinsley, Christian Kreutzer, Juan Leon-Wyss, Jinfen Liu, Bohdan Maruszewski, Graham R. Nunn, Samuel Ramirez-Marroquin, Nestor Sandoval, Shunji Sano, George E. Sarris, Rajesh Sharma, Ayman Shoeb, Thomas L. Spray, Ross M. Ungerleider, Hervé Yangni-Angate, Gerhard Ziemer
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- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 18 / Issue S2 / December 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 2008, pp. 63-69
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The diagnosis and treatment for paediatric and congenital cardiac disease has undergone remarkable progress over the last 60 years. Unfortunately, this progress has been largely limited to the developed world. Yet every year approximately 90% of the more than 1,000,000 children who are born with congenital cardiac disease across the world receive either suboptimal care or are totally denied care.
While in the developed world the focus has changed from an effort to decrease post-operative mortality to now improving quality of life and decreasing morbidity, which is the focus of this Supplement, the rest of the world still needs to develop basic access to congenital cardiac care. The World Society for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery [http://www.wspchs.org/] was established in 2006. The Vision of the World Society is that every child born anywhere in the world with a congenital heart defect should have access to appropriate medical and surgical care. The Mission of the World Society is to promote the highest quality comprehensive care to all patients with pediatric and/or congenital heart disease, from the fetus to the adult, regardless of the patient’s economic means, with emphasis on excellence in education, research and community service.
We present in this article an overview of the epidemiology of congenital cardiac disease, the current and future challenges to improve care in the developed and developing world, the impact of the globalization of cardiac surgery, and the role that the World Society should play. The World Society for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery is in a unique position to influence and truly improve the global care of children and adults with congenital cardiac disease throughout the world [http://www.wspchs.org/].
A branch-and-cut algorithm for a resource-constrained scheduling problem
- Renaud Sirdey, Hervé L. M. Kerivin
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- Journal:
- RAIRO - Operations Research / Volume 41 / Issue 3 / July 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 August 2007, pp. 235-251
- Print publication:
- July 2007
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This paper is devoted to the exact resolution of a strongly NP-hard resource-constrained scheduling problem, the Process Move Programming problem, which arises in relation to the operability of certain high-availability real-time distributed systems. Based on the study of the polytope defined as the convex hull of the incidence vectors of the admissible process move programs, we present a branch-and-cut algorithm along with extensive computational results demonstrating its practical relevance, in terms of both exact and approximate resolution when the instance size increases.
Dietary levels of all-trans retinol affect retinoid nuclear receptor expression and skeletal development in European sea bass larvae
- Laure Villeneuve, Enric Gisbert, Hervé Le Delliou, Chantal L. Cahu, Jose L. Zambonino-Infante
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 93 / Issue 6 / June 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 March 2007, pp. 791-801
- Print publication:
- June 2005
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European sea bass larvae were fed different dietary vitamin A levels. Growth, skeletal development and the expression of genes involved in larval morphogenesis were evaluated. From 7 to 42 d post-hatching, larvae were fed five isoproteic and isolipidic compound diets with graded levels of retinyl acetate (RA; RA0, RA10, RA50, RA250 and RA1000, containing 0, 10, 50, 250 and 1000 mg RA/kg DM, respectively), resulting in an incorporation of 12, 13, 31, 62 and 196 mg all-trans retinol/kg DM. Larvae fed extreme levels of RA had weights 19 % and 27 % lower than those of the RA50 group. The RA1000 diet induced a fall in growth with an increase of circulating and storage retinol forms in larvae, revealing hypervitaminosis. High levels of RA affected maturation of the pancreas and intestine. These data indicated that the optimal RA level was close to 31 mg/kg DM. Inappropriate levels of dietary RA resulted in an alteration of head organisation characterised by the abnormal development of the splanchnocranium and neurocranium, and scoliotic fish. Of the larvae fed RA1000, 78·8 % exhibited skeletal abnormalities, whereas the RA50 group presented with 25 % malformations. A linear correlation between vitamin A level and malformation percentage was observed and mainly associated with an upregulation of retinoic acid receptor-γ expression in the RA1000 group during the 2 first weeks after hatching. The expression of retinoid X receptor-α decreased during normal larval development when that of the retinoic acid receptors increased. This work highlights the involvement of retinoid pathways in the appearance of dietary-induced skeletal malformations during post-hatching development in sea bass.
Acute laryngeal paralysis induced by the migration of a totally implantable venous access device’s catheter tip
- S. Hervé, C. Conessa, J. Desrame, O. Chollet, S. Talfer, J. L. Poncet
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 118 / Issue 3 / March 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 March 2006, pp. 237-239
- Print publication:
- March 2004
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The authors report a case of acute vagus nerve paralysis that appeared during a course of chemotherapy. The drugs had been administered through a totally implantable venous access device (TIVAD), whose catheter tip had migrated into the right internal jugular vein (IJV) and was surrounded by a complete venous thrombosis. The supposed aetiology of this paralysis was a leakage of the cytotoxic drug (5-fluorouracil) from the vessel wall into the surrounding carotid space, because of the stagnation of the chemotherapeutic agent above the thrombosis. Four months after cessation of chemotherapy, the laryngeal paralysis was still evident.
The Malaria Genome Sequencing Project
- Daniel J. Carucci, Malcolm J. Gardner, Herve Tettelin, Leda M. Cummings, Hamilton O. Smith, Mark D. Adams, Stephen L. Hoffman, J. Craig Venter
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- Journal:
- Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine / Volume 1 / Issue 3 / 5 May 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 February 2004, pp. 1-9
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An international consortium of genome centres, advanced development teams and funding agencies has begun the task of sequencing the genome of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the most important cause of human malaria. Sequencing is proceeding chromosome by chromosome, and the annotated sequence of chromosome 2 is nearly finished. With the continual release of sequence data as they are generated, malaria researchers have access to a steady stream of genomic sequences and will soon have the complete annotation of all of the estimated 5000–7000 P. falciparum genes. The task will then be how to best apply these data to the development of new anti-malarial drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tests. This review provides a brief overview of the Malaria Genome Sequencing Project and suggests potential directions for future malaria research.
Brown Dwarf Companions to Solar-Type Stars and other Brown Dwarfs
- Eduardo L. Martín, Mike Connelley, Dan Potter, Hervé Bouy
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- Journal:
- Symposium - International Astronomical Union / Volume 213 / 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 September 2017, pp. 111-114
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- 2004
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We report on our ongoing imaging efforts to detect brown dwarfs orbiting solar-type stars and other brown dwarfs. We study the properties of brown dwarf companions as a function of primary mass. Our results indicate that the frequency of brown dwarf companions around solar-type stars for separations larger than about 40 AU is non-negligible. The frequency of brown dwarf binaries is about 20%. There is a dearth of brown dwarf binaries with separations larger than ∼20 AU. We propose that brown dwarf systems are a scaled down version of stellar systems, which probably form via triggered collapse of small molecular cores.
More injuries in left-footed individual lizards and Sphenodon
- Hervé Seligmann, Avigdor Beiles, Yehudah L. Werner
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- Journal:
- Journal of Zoology / Volume 260 / Issue 2 / February 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 May 2003, pp. 129-144
- Print publication:
- February 2003
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In lizards and Sphenodon, often the fourth toes of individuals with intact tails have more subdigital lamellae on the right than on the left side, and the opposite situation frequently occurs in individuals with injured tails. The difference between intact and injured individuals in morphological directional asymmetry was statistically significant (P<0.05) in 11.4% among 193 species from various lizard families. Lizard families varied in extent and direction of association, but no phylogenetic constraints were detected within genera. Statistical significance was greater in samples from homogenous geographic origin than from heterogeneous ones. Among gekkonid species, the difference was stronger in those with cursorial (terrestrial) habits, than in those with scansorial (rupestral or arboreal) habits. In Scincidae, loss seems more often lethal in left-footed than in right-footed individuals. Statistically significant associations between morphological left-side dominance and tail injury exist also in three independent lineages with reduced limbs (Anguidae, Scincidae and Teidae). Hence such association is probably not a result of limb function. Rather, left-side dominance seems to be the symptom of an unknown, perhaps organism-wide, detrimental trait. Polymorphism in morphological dominance existed in all species, suggesting advantages and disadvantages in different situations to both phenotypes. We propose the hypothesis that an inversion of side dominance may occur in a single trait without systematic inversion of side dominance in all traits of the body. Inversion in a single trait causes incompatibility in multiple-trait functions. Such a mechanism, rather than cultural conventions, could increase accident proneness also in left-handed Homo sapiens, and could explain increased proneness to accident and warfare mortality in left-handed men, beyond the possible involvement of cultural factors.
Multiplicity of Nearby Free-floating Late M and L Dwarfs: HST-WFPC2 Observations of Candidates and Bona Fide Binary Brown Dwarfs
- Hervé Bouy, Wolfgang Brandner, Eduardo L. Martín, Xavier Delfosse, France Allard, Gibor Basri
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- Journal:
- Symposium - International Astronomical Union / Volume 211 / 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 May 2016, pp. 245-248
- Print publication:
- 2003
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We review the results of HST/WFPC2 observations of a sample of 50 very-low-mass objects in the solar neighborhood (30 from our own program and 20 from the archive). Using high spatial resolution HST/WFPC2 images, we observed these objects in two filters (F814W and F675W) in order to identify close companions, measure their colours, and obtain first epoch data of the newly discovered binaries. In addition to 3 previously known binaries we discovered 3 new multiple systems. Second epoch data are required to confirm that they are real common proper motion pairs. Binary properties like multiplicity, distribution of binary separations and brightness ratios hold clues on the origin and evolution of free-floating brown dwarf binaries.
Endoscopic sinus surgery for sinonasal haemangiopericytomas
- E. Serrano, A. Coste, J. Percodani, S. Hervé, L. Brugel
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 116 / Issue 11 / November 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 March 2006, pp. 951-954
- Print publication:
- November 2002
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Haemangiopericytomas are rare peri-vascular tumours with variable malignant potential. The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses are most often involved in the head and neck. Five cases of haemangiopericytomas treated by a strict endonasal endoscopic approach are presented. Bleeding and nasal obstruction are the most frequent symptoms. Computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed pre-operative assessment. Angiography with embolization was needed in two of the five cases. None of our patients presented with malignant histology. Our five cases were operated on, and a total tumour excision was performed through the endoscopic endonasal approach. We had one recurrence with a mean follow-up of 4.5 years. We suggest that when the tumour is purely intranasal or strictly located in the ethmoid or sphenoid sinus, it can be removed via an endonasal approach under endoscopic guidance in experienced hands.
Radioactivité d'origine naturelle dans l'environnement en France : niveaux non perturbés par l'homme
- Ph. Picat, D. Calmet, D. Louvat, F. Vray, N. Lemaitre, G. Linden, P. Barbey, G. Pigree, T. Bourcier, F. Levy, S. Le Bar, Y. Baron, D. Delacroix, E. Panaïva, T. de Bruyne, J. Y. Hervé, P. Beguinel, N. Cabanne, A. de Paepe, C. Santucci, T. Prot, J. L. Matray, J. L. Tillie
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- Journal:
- Radioprotection / Volume 37 / Issue 3 / July 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 June 2005, pp. 283-327
- Print publication:
- July 2002
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Quelles sont les valeurs qui caractérisent sur le territoire français les rayonnements ionisants et les radionucléides d'origine naturelle ? Comment distinguer dans le résultat d'une mesure la part qui résulte éventuellement d'une activité humaine ? Afin d'essayer de répondre à ces questions, un questionnaire a été adressé aux différents organismes qui effectuent en France des mesures de radioactivité dans l'environnement. Les informations mentionnées dans cette étude se rapportent exclusivement à des observations faites dans l'environnement à l'extérieur des bâtiments et du périmètre des installations nucléaires de base (INB). En outre, elles ne concernent, sauf cas particuliers signalés, que des mesures de rayonnements ou de radioéléments d'origine naturelle dont les résultats n'ont pas été perturbés par l'action de l'homme. L'enquête montre la difficulté actuelle de dresser en France un bilan exhaustif des connaissances acquises concernant les caractéristiques du bruit de fond radioactif d'origine naturelle dans l'environnement. Aujourd'hui en France, dans le domaine de la radioactivité naturelle, les efforts consentis manquent de coordination et d'orientation vers certaines priorités. À ce titre, les mesures des 238U et 232Th précurseurs des 226Ra et 228Ra, des descendants solides émetteurs alpha du radon (par la mesure des EAP du 222Rn et 220Rn), des émetteurs gamma post émanation (214Pb, 214Bi, 212Pb), du 210Pb, 210Po et du 14C doivent être privilégiées.
6 - Dynamics of the platelet cytoskeleton
- from PART I - PHYSIOLOGY
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- By Kurt L. Barkalow, Brigham & Women's Hospital,Hematology Division, LMRC Building, Rm 301, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA O2115, Hervé Falet, Brigham & Women's Hospital,Hematology Division, LMRC Building, Rm 301, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA O2115, John Hartwig, Brigham & Women's Hospital,Hematology Division, LMRC Building, Rm 301, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA O2115
- Edited by Paolo Gresele, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy, Clive P. Page, Valentin Fuster, Jos Vermylen, Universiteitsbibliotheek-K.U., Leuven
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- Book:
- Platelets in Thrombotic and Non-Thrombotic Disorders
- Published online:
- 10 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 30 May 2002, pp 93-103
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Summary
Introduction
Platelets play a critical role in hemostasis and coagulation. At rest, they circulate in blood as small anucleated discs, measuring 3 × 0.5 µm. Following blood vessel injury and disruption of the endothelial layer, platelets avidly interact with exposed elements of the underlying connective tissue, a reaction that is further stimulated by soluble factor release. They rapidly change from discoid shapes into active forms, first by rounding, then by generating finger-like projections called filopodia and spreading over surfaces using thin sheet-like extensions called lamellipodia. A sturdy cytoskeleton composed of actin and tubulin polymers maintains the shape of the resting and activated platelet. Actin and tubulin are dynamic polymers that can be reversibly assembled. When assembled they can be crosslinked into higher-order structures such as bundles and networks, fragmented into smaller pieces, and slide relative to one another by motor proteins. A large cast of cytoskeletal-associated proteins controls these dynamic processes. Actin filament assembly, temporally and spatially, orchestrates the extension of filopodia and lamellipodia and shape transformation.
The cytoskeleton of the resting platelet
Resting platelets are discs (Fig. 6.1(a)) whose surfaces are smooth and featureless except for small membrane invaginations that mark entrances into the open canalicular system (OCS). Cytoskeletal proteins that maintain the discoid shape represent a large fraction of the platelet proteome. Actin, present at a concentration of 0.55 mM (230000 actin subunits/platelet), represents 20% of the total cellular protein.
Thermal Annealing of Radiation-Induced Trapped Charge in Simox and Thermal Oxide Thin Films
- D. Herve, Ph. Paillet, J. L. Leray
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 284 / 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 February 2011, 287
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- 1992
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The results of charge trapping and thermal annealing in X-ray irradiated SiO2 are presented. A comparative study is made between thermal oxide and SIMOX buried oxide behavior. At low dose (10 krad(SiO2)), X-ray induced charge trapping is found to be very different in thermal and SIMOX oxides. Results are interpreted in terms of a relatively large bulk trapping in SIMOX whereas thermal oxide behavior is dominatedby interface trapping. However, at high dose, both oxides behave similarly and are dominated by interface trapping. Etch-back experiments performed on SIMOX irradiated at 10krad (SiO2) and 1 Mrad (SiO2) reveal these two trapping regimes. Isochronal annealings have been performed up to 300°C on irradiated samples. Recovery data are interpreted assuming an energy distribution of trapped charge densities. Detrapping energies located at about 1.05 eV and 1.35 eV have been obtained in SIMOX whereas the thermal oxide exhibits a unique peak at 1.35 eV. Based on these data, SIMOX and thermal oxides are demonstrated to differ significantly.
Automatisation du contrôle radiologique de l'air des locaux de travail de Valduc
- J. Y. HERVE, L. CAMUS, J. C. LEROUX
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- Journal:
- Radioprotection / Volume 26 / Issue 4 / October 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 June 2009, pp. 615-625
- Print publication:
- October 1991
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Les installations du Centre de Valduc requièrent un contrôle radiologique de l'air des différents locaux à risque radiologique. Pour cela, les agents de radioprotection déposent quotidiennement 230 filtres sur des têtes de prélèvement à proximité des postes de travail. Pour mesurer la radioactivité éventuelle retenue sur les filtres, le Service de protection contre les rayonnements de Valduc met en œuvre un système automatisé qui permet de reconnaître l'origine des filtres, d'en effectuer les mesures et de mettre en forme les résultats obtenus. Les filtres sont identifiés par des étiquettes à codes à barres lues par un lecteur optique implanté dans chacune des deux chaînes de mesure. Ces dernières sont des ensembles de comptage de faible activité α et β de type Nu-16 (Numelec Ins.) équipés de compteurs à circulation fonctionnant en régime proportionnel. Le pilotage de l'ensemble et la centralisation des données sont assurés par un microordinateur de type IBM-PC. Différentes éditions des résultats peuvent être obtenues : résultats quotidiens, mensuels, trimestriels ou annuels. Le mode de fonctionnement d'un tel système est satisfaisant ; il a permis de dégager une charge de travail équivalente à un agent.